HomeConservationMammalsBighorn SheepDesertLiterature

Scientific Literature & Works Cited

A desert sunset sets over a landscape of yucca and scrubbush.
A desert sunset. CDFW photo by Ashley Evans.

Selected Bighorn Sheep Literature

  • Abella, R. K., V. C. Bleich, R. A. Botta, B. J. Gonzalez, T. S. Stephenson, S. G. Torres, J. D. Wehausen. 2011. Status of bighorn sheep in California – 2010. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 51: 54-68.
  • Albrechtsen, B. R., and J. B. Reese. 1970. Problem analysis of habitat management for desert bighorn sheep. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 14:63-65.
  • Alexander, R. D. 1974. The evolution of social behavior. Ann. Rev. Syst. And Ecol. 5:325-383.
  • Andrew, N. G., V. C. Bleich, P. V. August, and S. G. Torres., 1997a. Demography of mountain sheep in the East Chocolate Mountains, Imperial County, California. California Fish and Game 83:, 68–77.
  • Andrew, N. G., L. M. Lesicka, and V. C. Bleich. 1997b. An improved fence design to protect water sources for native ungulates. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25:823–825.
  • Austin, M. 1906. The flock. Houghton Mifflin and Co., New York.
  • Bates, Jr., J. W. 1982. Desert bighorn habitat utilization in Canyonlands National Park. M. S. Thesis. Utah State University, Logan. 118pp.
  • Berger, J. 1978. Group size, foraging, and antipredator ploys: an analysis of bighorn sheep decisions. Behavior Ecology and Sociobiology 4:91-99.
  • Berger, J. 1991. Pregnancy incentives, predation constraints and habitat shifts: experimental and field evidence for wild bighorn sheep. Animal Behavior 41:61-77.
  • Besser, T. E., E. F. Cassirer, K. A. Potter, J. Vanderschalie, A. Fischer, D. P. Knowles, D. R. Herndon, F. R. Rurangirwa, G. C. Weiser, and S. Srikumaran. 2008. Association of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae infection with population-limiting respiratory disease in free-ranging Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis). Journal of Clinical Microbiology 46:423-230.
  • Blaisdell, J. A. 1975. Progress report: the Lava Beds reestablishment program. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 19:36-37.
  • Bleich, V. C. 1982. Horizontal wells for mountain sheep: desert bighorn “get the shaft”. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 26:63-64.
  • Bleich, V. C. 1999. Mountain sheep and coyotes: patterns of predator evasion in a mountain ungulate. Journal of Mammalogy 80:283-289.
  • Bleich, V. C. 2009. Factors to consider when reprovisioning water developments used by mountain sheep. California Fish and Game 95:153–159.
  • Bleich, V. C., and R. A. Weaver. 1983. “Improved” sand dams for wildlife habitat management. Journal of Range Management 36:130
  • Bleich, V. C., L. J. Coombes, and J. H. Davis. 1982a. Horizontal wells as a wildlife habitat improvement technique. Wildlife Society Bulletin 10:324-328.
  • Bleich, V. C., L. J. Coombes, and G. W. Sudmeier. 1992b. Volunteers and wildlife habitat management: twelve years together. Cal-Neva Wildlife Transactions 1982:64-68.
  • Bleich, V. C., R. T. Bowyer, and J. D. Wehausen. 1997. Sexual segregation in mountain sheep: resources or predation? Wildl. Mongr. No. 134. 50pp.
  • Bleich, V. C., H. E. Johnson, S. A. Holl, L. Konde, S. G. Torres, and P. R. Krausman. 2008. Fire history in a chaparral ecosystem: implications for conservation of a native ungulate. Rangeland Ecology and Management 61:571–579.
  • Bleich, V. C., J. D. Wehausen, R. R. Ramey II, and J. L. Rechel. 1996. Metapopulation theory and mountain sheep: implications for conservation. Pages 453-473 in D. R. McCullough, ed. Metapopulations and wildlife conservation management. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
  • Bleich, V. C., J. D. Wehausen, and S. A. Holl. 1990a. Desert-dwelling mountain sheep: conservation implications of a naturally fragmented distribution. Conservation Biology 4:383-390.
  • Bleich, V. C., J. D. Wehausen, K. R. Jones, and R. A. Weaver. 1990b. Status of bighorn sheep in California, 1989, and translocations from 1971 through 1989. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 34:24-26.
  • Bleich, V. C., J. P. Marshal, and N. G. Andrew. 2010. Habitat use by a desert ungulate: predicting effects of water availability on mountain sheep. Journal of. Arid Environments 74:638-645.
  • Blong, B., and W. Pollard. 1968. Summer water requirements of desert bighorn in the Santa Rosa Mountains, California, in 1965. California Fish and Game 54:289-296.
  • Boag, D. A., and W. D. Wishart. 1982. Distribution and abundance of terrestrial gastropods on a winter range of bighorn sheep in southwestern Alberta. Canadian Journal of Zoology 60:2633-2640.
  • Borjesson, D. L., W. M. Boyce, I. A. Gardner, J. DeForge, and B. Lasley. 1996. Pregnancy detection in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) using a fecal-based enzyme immunoassay. Journal of. Wildlife Diseases 32:67-74.
  • Boyce, W.M., R.R. Ramey II, T.C. Rodwell, E.S. Rubin, and R.S. Singer. 1999. Population subdivision among bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) ewes revealed by mitochondrial DNA analysis. Molecular Ecology 8:99-106.
  • Browning, B. M., and G. Monson. Food. Pages 80-99 in G. Monson and L. Sumner, eds. The desert bighorn, its life history, ecology, and management. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
  • Broyles, B. 1995. Desert wildlife water developments: questioning use in the southwest. Wildlife Society Bulletin 23:663-675.
  • Broyles, B., and T. L. Cutler. 1999. Effect of surface water on desert bighorn sheep in the Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge, southwestern Arizona. Wildlife Society Bulletin 27:1082-1088.
  • Buechner, H. K. 1960. The bighorn sheep in the United States, its past, present, and future. Wildlife Monographs 4:1-174.
  • Bunch. T. D., W. M. Boyce, C. P. Hibler, W. R. Lance, T. R. Spraker, and E. S. Williams. 1999. Diseases of North American wild sheep. Pages 209-237 in R. Valdez and P. R. Krausman, eds. Mountain sheep of North America. University. of Arizona. Press., Tucson.
  • Bunch, T. D., J. Karpowitz, J. Connor, and G. W. Workman. 1986. Pregnancy diagnosis in free ranging Nelson’s desert bighorn ewes. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions. 30:2-4.
  • Bunnell, F. L. 1982. The lambing period of mountain sheep: synthesis, hypotheses, and tests. Canadian Journal of Zoology 60:1-14.
  • Carey, H. V., and J. D. Wehausen. 1991. Mammals. Pages 437-460 in C. A. Hall, ed. Natural history of the White-Inyo Range, Eastern California. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Carrington, M., G. W. Nelson, M. P. Martin, T. Kissner, D. Vlahov, J. J. Goedert, R. Kaslow, S. Buchbinder, K. Hoots, and S. J. O’Brien. 1999. HLA and HIV-1: heterozygote advantage and B*35-Cw*04 disadvantage. Science 283:1748-1752.
  • Caughley, G. 1976. Wildlife management and the dynamics of ungulate populations. Advances in Applied Biology 1:183-245.
  • Caughley, G. 1987. Ecological relationships. Pages 159-187 in G. Caughley, N. Shepherd, and J. Short, eds. Kangaroos, their ecology and management in the sheep rangelands of Australia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • Clark, R. K., W. M. Boyce, D. A. Jessup, and L. F. Elliott. 1993. Survey of pathogen exposure among population clusters of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in California. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 24:48-53.
  • Clark, R. K., D. A. Jessup, M. D. Kock, and R. A. Weaver. 1985. Survey of desert bighorn sheep in California for exposure to selected infectious diseases. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 187:1175-1179.
  • Clark, R. K., D. A. Jessup, and R. A. Weaver. 1988. Scabies mite infestation in desert bighorn sheep from California. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 32:13-15.
  • Cleary, E. 1973. Selective exclusion fencing in wild burro and bighorn sheep. management. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions. 17:106-109.
  • Coltman, D. W., J. G. Pilkington, J. A. Smith, and J. M. Pemberton. 1999. Parasite mediated selection against inbred soay sheep in a free-living, island population. Evolution 53:1259-1267.
  • Cowan, I. McT. 1940. Distribution and variation in the native sheep of North America. American Midland Naturalist 24:505-580.
  • Cronin, M. A., and V. C. Bleich. 1995. Mitochondrial DNA variation among populations and subspecies of mule deer in California. California Fish and Game 81:45-54.
  • Cunningham, S. C., and R. D. Ohmart. 1986. Aspects of the ecology of desert bighorn sheep in Carrizo Canyon, California. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 30:14-19.
  • Czech, B., and P. R. Krausman. 1999. Controversial wildlife management issues in southwestern U. S. wilderness. International Journal of Wilderness 5:22-28.
  • Dassanayake, R. P., S. Shanthalingam, C. N. Herndon, P. K. Lawrence, E. F. Cassirer, K. A. Potter, W. J. Foreyt, K. D. Clinkenbeard, and S. Srikumaran. 2009. Mannheimia haemolytica serotype A1 exhibits differential pathogenicity in two related species, Ovis canadensis and Ovis aries. Veterinary Microbiology 133:366-71.
  • DeForge, J. R., E. M. Barrett, S. D. Ostermann, M. C. Jorgensen, and S. G. Torres. 1995. Population dynamics of peninsular bighorn sheep in the Santa Rosa Mountains, California, 1983-1994. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 39:50-67.
  • Dixon, J. S., and E. L. Sumner, Jr. 1939. A survey of desert bighorn in Death Valley National Monument. California Fish and Game 25:72-95.
  • Dolan, B. F. 2006. Water developments and desert bighorn sheep: implications for conservation. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34:642-646.
  • Douglas, C. L., and K. M. Longshore. 1995. Population monitoring and habitat analysis for the Black Mountain bighorn sheep, Death Valley, California. Cooperative National Park Resources Study Unit Contribution Number CPSU/UNLV 064/03. , 51pp.
  • Douglas, C. L., and C. Norment. 1977. Habitat damage by feral burros in Death Valley. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions. 21:23-25.
  • Dunn, W. C., and C. L. Douglas. 1982. Interactions between desert bighorn sheep and feral burros at spring areas in Death Valley. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions. 26:87-96.
  • Eccles, T. R., and D. M. Shackleton. 1979. Recent records of twinning in North American mountain sheep. Journal of Wildlife Management 43:974-976.
  • Epps, C. W. 2004. Population processes in a changing climate: extinction, dispersal, and metapopulation dynamics of desert bighorn sheep in California. Ph.D. dissertation. University of California, Berkeley.
  • Epps, C. W., V. C. Bleich, J. D. Wehausen, and S. G. Torres. 2003. Status of bighorn sheep in California. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions. 47:20-35.
  • Epps, C. W., D. R. McCullough, J. D. Wehausen, V. C. Bleich, and J. L. Rechel. 2004a. Effects of climate change on population persistence of desert-dwelling mountain sheep in California. Conservation Biology 18:102-113.
  • Epps, C. W., P. J. Palsbøll, J. D. Wehausen, G. K. Roderick, R. R. Ramey II, and D. R. McCullough. 2005. Highways block gene flow and cause rapid decline in genetic diversity of desert bighorn sheep. Ecological Letters 8:1029-1038.
  • Epps, C. W., J. D. Wehausen, V. C. Bleich, S. G. Torres, and J. S. Brashares. 2007. Optimizing dispersal and corridor models using landscape genetics. Journal of Applied Ecology 44:714-724.
  • Epps, C. W., J. D. Wehausen, P. J. Palsbøll, and D. R. McCullough. 2010. Using genetic tools to track desert bighorn sheep colonizations. Journal of Wildlife Management 74:522-531.
  • Ernest, H. B., E. S. Rubin, and W. M. Boyce. 2002. Fecal DNA analysis and risk assessment of mountain lion predation of bighorn sheep. Journal of Wildlife Management 66:75-85.
  • Festa-Bianchet, M. 1986. Seasonal dispersion of overlapping mountain sheep ewe groups. Journal of Wildlife Management 50:325-330.
  • Festa-Bianchet, M., T. Coulson, J.-M. Gaillard, J. T. Hogg, and F. Pelletier. 2006. Stochastic predation events and population persistence in bighorn sheep. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 273:1537-1543.
  • Fitzsimmons, N. N., S. W. Buskirk, and M. H. Smith. 1995. Population history, genetic variability, and horn growth in bighorn sheep. Conservation Biology 9:314-323.
  • Foreyt, W. J., E. J. Jenkins, and G. D. Appleyard. 2009. Transmission of lungworms (Muellerius capillaris) from domestic goats to bighorn sheep on common pasture. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 45:272-278.
  • Foreyt, W. J., and J. E. Lagerquist. 1996. Experimental contact of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) with horses and cattle, and comparison of neutrophil sensitivity to Pasteurella haemolytica cytotoxins. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 32:594-602.
  • Forrester, D. J. 1971. Bighorn sheep lungworm-pneumonia complex. Pages 158-173 in J. W. Davis and R. Anderson, eds. Parasitic diseases of wild mammals. Iowa State University. Univ. Press, Ames.
  • Forrester, D. J., and R. C. Littell. 1976. Influence of rainfall on lungworm infections in bighorn sheep. Journal of. Wildlife Diseases 12:48-51.
  • Frankham, R. 1995. Effective population size/adult population size ratio in wildlife: a review. Genetical Research 66:95-107.
  • Gaillard, J.-M., M. Festa-Bianchet, and N. G. Yoccoz. 1998. Population dynamics of large herbivores: variable recruitment with constant adult survival. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13:58-63.
  • Gaillard, J.-M., M. Festa-Bianchet, N. G. Yoccoz, A. Loison, and C. Toigo. 2000. Temporal variation in fitness components and population dynamics of large herbivores. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 31:367-393.
  • Gallizioli, S. 1977. Overgrazing on desert bighorn ranges. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 21:21-23.
  • Garfinkel, A. P., D. A. Young, and R. M. Yohe II. 2010. Bighorn hunting, resource depression, and rock art in the Coso Range, eastern California: a computer simulation model. Journal of Archeological Science. 37:42-51.
  • Garlinger, B. H. 1987. Habitat evaluation of historic desert bighorn range in the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains. Administrative Report, Kern River Wildlife Sanctuary, Onyx, CA. 58pp.
  • Geist, V. 1967. A consequence of togetherness. Natural History 76:24, 29-30.
  • Geist, V. 1971. Mountain sheep: a study in behavior and evolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
  • Geist, V., and R. G. Petocz. 1977. Bighorn sheep in winter: do rams maximize reproductive fitness by spatial and habitat segregation from ewes? Canadian Journal of Zoology 55:1802-1810.
  • Gillespie, J. H. 1998. Population genetics, a concise guide. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD.
  • Goodson, N. J. 1982. Effects of domestic sheep grazing on bighorn sheep populations: a review. Proceedings of the Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 3:287-313.
  • Halloran, A. F., and O. Deming. 1958. Water development for desert bighorn sheep. Journal of Wildlife Management 22:1-9.
  • Hamilton, W. D. 1971. Geometry for the selfish herd. Journal of Theoretical Biology 31:295-311
  • Hanley, T. A. 1982. The nutritional basis for food selection by ungulates. Journal of. Range Management. 35:146-151.
  • Hanley, T. A., and W. W. Brady. 1977. Feral burro impacts on a Sonoran Desert range. Journal of Range Management 30:374-377.
  • Hanski, I. 1991. Single-species metapopulation dynamics: concepts, models, and observations. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 42:17-38.
  • Hartl, D. L. and A. G. Clark. 1997. Principles of population genetics, third edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, MA.
  • Hass, C. C. 1995. Gestation periods and birth weights of desert bighorn sheep in relation to other caprinae. Southwestern Naturalist 40:139-147.
  • Hayes, C. L., E. S. Rubin, M. C. Jorgensen, R. A. Botta, and W. M. Boyce. 2000. Mountain lion predation of bighorn sheep in the Peninsular Ranges, California. Journal of Wildlife Management 64:954-959.
  • Hervert, J. J., R. S. Henry, M. T. Brown, and R. L. Kearns. 1998. Sighting rates of bighorn sheep during helicopter surveys on the Kofa National Wildlife Refuge, Arizona. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 42:11-26.
  • Hoban, P. A. 1990. A review of desert bighorn sheep in the San Andres Mountains, New Mexico. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 34:14-22.
  • Hogg, J. T., S. H. Forbes, B. M. Steele, and G. Luikart. 2006. Genetic rescue of an insular population of large mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 273:1491–1499.
  • Holl, S. A., and V. C. Bleich. 1983. San Gabriel mountain sheep: biological and management considerations. Administrative Report, San Bernardino National Forest, San Bernardino, CA.
  • Holl, S. A., V. C. Bleich, B. W. Callenberger, and B. Bahro. 2012. Simulated effects of two fire regimes on bighorn sheep: the San Gabriel Mountains, California, USA. Fire Ecology 8(3):88–103. [DOI: 10.4996/fireecology.0803088]
  • Holl, S. A., V. C. Bleich, and S. G. Torres. 2004. Population dynamics of bighorn sheep in the San Gabriel Mountains, California, 1967-2002. Wildlife Society Bulletin 32:412-426.
  • Irvine, C. A. 1969. The desert bighorn sheep in southeastern Utah. M. S. Thesis, Utah State University, Logan. 99pp.
  • Jaeger, E. C. 1950. Our desert neighbors. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, CA.
  • Jaeger, J. R. 1994. Demography and movements of mountain sheep (Ovis canadensis nelsoni) in the Kingston and Clark Mountain ranges, California. M.S. Thesis, University of Nevada, Las Vegas. 64 pp.
  • Janis, C. 1976. The evolutionary strategy of the Equidae and the origins of rumen and cecal digestion. Evolution 30:757-774.
  • Jessup, D. A. 1985. Diseases of domestic livestock which threaten bighorn sheep populations. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 29:29-33.
  • Jessup, D. A., W. E. Clark, and R. C. Mohr. 1984. Capture of bighorn sheep: management recommendations. California Department of Fish and Game, Wildlife Branch Administrative Report 84-1.
  • Johnson, H. E., L. S. Mills, T. R. Stephenson, and J. D. Wehausen. 2010. Population-specific vital rate contributions influence management of an endangered ungulate. Ecological Applications 20:1753-1765.
  • Jones, F. L. 1950. A survey of the Sierra Nevada bighorn. Sierra Club Bulletin 35(6):29-76.
  • Kelly, W. E. 1980. Predator relationships. Pages 186-196 in G. Monson and L. Sumner, eds. The desert bighorn, its life history, ecology, and management. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
  • Kerr, R. A. 2011. Vital details of global warming are eluding forecasters. Science 334:173-174.
  • Kock, M. D., D. A Jessup, R. K. Clark, C. E. Franti, and R. A Weaver. 1987a. Capture methods in five subspecies of bighorn sheep: an evaluation of drop-net, drive-net, chemical immobilization and the net-gun. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 23:634-640.
  • Kock, M. D., D. A Jessup, R. K. Clark, and C. E. Franti. 1987b. Effects of capture on biological parameters in free-ranging bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis): evaluation of drop-net, drive-net, chemical immobilization, and the net-gun. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 23:641-651.
  • Kock, M. D., R. K. Clark, and C. E. Franti, D. A Jessup, and J. D. Wehausen. 1987c. Effects of capture on biological parameters in free-ranging bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis): evaluation of normal, stressed, and mortality outcomes and documentation of postcapture survival. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 23:652-662.
  • Krausman, P. R., B. D. Leopold, R. F. Seegmiller, and S. G. Torres. 1989. Relationships between desert bighorn sheep and habitat in western Arizona. Wildlife Monographs 102:1-66.
  • Krausman, P. R., A. V. Sandoval, and R. C. Etchberger. 1999. Natural history of desert bighorn sheep. Pages 139-191 in R. Valdez and P. R. Krausman, eds. Mountain sheep of North America. University. of Arizona. Press., Tucson.
  • Krausman, P. R., S. Torres, L. L. Ordway, J. J. Hervert, and M. Brown. 1985. Diel activity of ewes in the Little Harquahala Mountains, Arizona. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 29:24-26.
  • Krausman, P. R., J. D. Wehausen, M. C. Wallace, and R. C. Etchberger. 1993. Rumen characteristics of desert races of mountain sheep and desert mule deer. Southwestern Naturalist 38:172-174.
  • Krausman, P. R., S. S. Rosenstock, and J. W. Cain III. 2006. Developed waters for wildlife: science, perception, values, and controversy. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34:563-569.
  • Lande, R. 1988. Genetics and Demography in Biological Conservation. Journal of Science 241:1455-1460.
  • Lange, R. E., A. V. Sandoval, and W. P. Meleny. 1980. Psoroptic scabies in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) in New Mexico. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 16:77-82.
  • Lawrence, P. K., S. Shanthalingam, R. P. Dassanayake, R. Subramaniam, C. N. Herndon, D. P. Knowles, F. R. Rurangirwa, W. J. Foreyt, G. Wayman, A. M. Marciel, S. K. Highlander, and S. Srikumaran. 2010. Transmission of Mannheimia haemolytica from domestic sheep (Ovis aries) to bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis): unequivocal demonstration with green fluorescent protein-tagged organisms. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 46:706-717.
  • Leach, H. R., J. M. Brode, and S. J. Nicola. 1974. At the crossroads 1974, a report on California’s endangered and rare fish and wildlife. Administrative Report, California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento.
  • Leopold, A. 1933. Game Management. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York.
  • Lesicka, L. M., and J. J. Hervert. 1995. Low maintenance water development for arid environments: concepts, materials, and techniques. Pages 52–57 in D. P. Young, R. Vinzant, and M. D. Strickland, editors. Proceedings of the second wildlife water symposium. Water for Wildlife Foundation, Laramie, Wyoming, USA.
  • Leslie, D. M., Jr., and C. L. Douglas. 1979. Desert bighorn sheep of the River Mountains, Nevada. Wildlife Monographs 66:1-56.
  • Longhurst, W. M., A. S. Leopold, and R. F. Dasmann. A survey of California deer herds, their ranges and management problems. Game Bulletin 6:1-136. Calfiornia Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, USA.
  • Longshore, K. M., C. Lowrey, and D. B. Thompson. 2009. Compensating for diminishing natural water: predicting the impacts of water development on summer habitat of desert bighorn sheep. Journal of Arid Environments 73:280-286.
  • Longshore, K., C. Lowrey, M. Jeffress, and D. B. Thompson. 2009. Nocturnal movements of desert bighorn sheep in the Muddy Mountains, Nevada. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 50:18-31.
  • Marshal, J. P., P.R Krausman, V. C. Bleich. 2005. Dynamics of mule deer forage in the Sonoran Desert. Journal of Arid Environments 60:593–609.
  • Marshal, J. P., L. M. Lesicka, V. C. Bleich, P. R. Krausman, G. P. Mulcahy, and N. G. Andrew. 2006. Demography of desert mule deer in southeastern California. California Fish and Game 92:55–66.
  • Marshal, J. P., V. C. Bleich, and N. G. Andrew. 2008. Evidence of interspecific competition between feral ass Equus asinus and mountain sheep Ovis canadensis in a desert environment. Wildlife Biology 14:228-236.
  • Mazet, J. A. K., W. M. Boyce, J. Mellies, I. A. Gardner, R. K. Clark, and D. A. Jessup. 1992. Exposure to Psoroptes sp. mites is common among bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) populations in California. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 28:542-547.
  • McKnight, T. L. 1958. The feral burro in the United States: distribution and problems. Journal of Wildlife Management 22:163-179.
  • McMichael, T. J. 1964. Relationships between desert bighorn and feral burros in the Black Mountains of Mojave County. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions. 8:29-35.
  • McQuivey, R. 1978. The desert bighorn sheep of Nevada. Nevada Department of Fish and Game Bulletin 6:1-81.
  • Miller, G. D., M. H. Cochran, and E. L. Smith. 1984. Nighttime activity of desert bighorn sheep. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 28:23-25.
  • Mooring, M. S., T. A. Fitzpatrick, J. E. Benjamin, E. C. Fraser, T. T. Nishihira, D. D. Reisig, and E. M. Rominger. 2003. Sexual segregation in desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana). Behaviour 140:183-207.
  • Mooring, M. S., T. A. Fitzpatrick, J. E. Benjamin, T. T. Nishihira, and D. D. Reisig. 2004. Vigilance, predation risk, and the Allee effect in desert bighorn sheep. Journal of Wildlife Management 68:519-532.
  • Morris, W. F., and D. F. Doak. 2002. Quantitative conservation biology. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
  • Muir, J. 1894. The mountains of California. The Century Company, New York.
  • Nichols, L., and F. L. Bunnell. 1999. Natural history of thinhorn sheep. Pages 23-77 in R. Valdez and P. R. Krausman, eds. Mountain sheep of North America. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
  • Ober, E. H. 1931. The mountain sheep of California. California Fish and Game 17:27-39.
  • Oehler, M., R. Bowyer, and V. Bleich. 2003. Home ranges of female mountain sheep Ovis canadensis nelsoni: effects of precipitation in a desert ecosystem. Mammalia 67:385-401.
  • Oehler, M. W., V. C. Bleich, R. T. Bowyer, and M. C. Nicholson. 2005. Mountain sheep and mining: implications for conservation and management. California Fish and Game 91:149-178.
  • Post, G. 1971. The pneumonia complex in bighorn sheep. Transactions of the North American Wild Sheep Conference 1:98-102.
  • Prentice, P., A. Evans, D. Glass, R. Ianniello, and T. Stephenson. 2018. Desert Bighorn Sheep Status Report November 2013 to October 2016. California Department of Fish and Wildlife.
  • Ramey, R. R. II. 1993. Evolutionary genetics and systematics of North American mountain sheep. Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
  • Ramey, R. R. II. 1995. Mitochondrial DNA variation, population structure, and evolution of mountain sheep in the south-western United States and Mexico. Molecular Ecology 4:429-439.
  • Reisenhoover, K. L., and J. A. Bailey. 1985. Foraging ecology of mountain sheep: implications for habitat management. Journal of Wildlife Management 49:797-804.
  • Rominger, E. M., and M. E. Weisenberger. 2000. Biological extinction and a test of the “conspicuous individual hypothesis” in the San Andres Mountains, New Mexico.. Transactions of the North American Wild Sheep Conference 2:293-307.
  • Rominger, E. M., H. A. Whitlaw, D. L. Weybright, W. C. Dunn, and W. B. Ballard. 2004. The influence of mountain lion predation on bighorn sheep translocations. Journal of Wildlife Management 68:993-999.
  • Rosenstock, S. S., J. J. Hervert, V. C. Bleich, and P. R. Krausman. 2001. Muddying the water with poor science: a reply to Broyles and Cutler. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29:734–738.
  • Ross, P. I., M. G. Jalkotzy, and M. Festa-Bianchet. 1997. Cougar predation on bighorn sheep in southwestern Alberta during winter. Canadian Journal of Zoology 75:771-775.
  • Rubin, E. S., W. M. Boyce, M. C. Jorgensen, S. G. Torres, C. L. Hayes, C. S. O’Brien, and D. A. Jessup. 1998. Distribution and abundance of bighorn sheep in the Peninsular Ranges, California. Wildlife Society Bulletin 26:539-551.
  • Rubin, E. S., W. M. Boyce, and V. C. Bleich. 2000. Reproductive strategies of desert bighorn sheep. Journal of Mammalogy 81:769-786.
  • Rubin, E. S., W. M. Boyce, E. R. Caswell-Chen. 2002. Modeling demographic processes in
  • an endangered population of bighorn sheep. Journal of Wildlife Management 66:796-810.
  • Ruckstuhl, K. E. 1998. Foraging behavior and sexual segregation in bighorn sheep. Animal Behavior 56:99-106.
  • Rudolph, K. M., D. L. Hunter, W. J. Foreyt, E. F. Cassirer, R. B. Rinder, and A. C. S. Ward. 2003. Sharing of Pasteurella spp. between free-ranging bighorn sheep and feral goats. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 39:897-903.
  • Sausman, K. 1982. Survival of captive born Ovis canadensis in North American zoos. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 26:26-31.
  • Schaefer R. J., S. G. Torres, and V. C. Bleich. 2000. Survivorship and cause specific mortality in sympatric populations of mountain sheep and mule deer. California Fish and Game, 86:127–135.
  • Schmidt, R. L., C. P. Hibler, T. R. Spraker, and W. H. Rutherford. 1979. An evaluation of drug treatment for lungworm in bighorn sheep. Journal of Wildlife Management 43:461-467.
  • Schommer, Timothy J.; Woolever, Melanie M. 2008. A review of disease related
  • conflicts between domestic sheep and goats and bighorn sheep.Gen. Tech.
  • Rep. RMRS-GTR-209 Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
  • Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 16 p.
  • Schwartz, O. A., V. C. Bleich, and S. A. Holl. 1986. Genetics and the conservation of mountain sheep Ovis canadensis nelsoni. Biological Conservation 37:179-190.
  • Seegmiller, R. F., and R. D. Ohmart. 1975. Feral burros within desert bighorn habitat.
  • Desert Bighorn Council Trans. 19:45.
  • Seegmiller, R. F., and R. D. Ohmart. 1976. Feral burro-desert bighorn sheep relationships, Bill Williams Mountains, Arizona. Transactions of the North American Wild Sheep Conference 2:35-37.
  • Seegmiller, R. F., and R. D. Ohmart. 1981. Ecological relationships of feral burros and desert bighorn sheep. Wildlife Monographs 78:1-58.
  • Shackleton, D. M., R. G. Petersen, J. Haywood, and A. Bottrell. 1984. Gestation period in Ovis canadensis. Journal of Mammalogy 65:337-338.
  • Scofield, N. B. 1923. Who are the conservationists? California Fish and Game 9:168-170.
  • Singer, R. S., D. A. Jessup, I. A. Gardner, and W. M. Boyce. 1997. Pathogen exposure patterns among sympatric populations of bighorn sheep, mule deer, and cattle. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33:377-382.
  • Singer, R. S., W. M. Boyce, I. A. Gardner, and A. Fisher. 1998. Evaluation of bluetongue virus diagnostic tests in free-ranging bighorn sheep. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 12:1-18.
  • Spalding, D. J. 1966. Twinning in bighorn sheep. Journal of Wildlife Management 30:207.
  • Stewart, S. T., and T. W. Butts. 1982. Horn growth as an index to levels of inbreeding in bighorn sheep. Proceedings of the Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 3:68-82.
  • St. John Jr., K. P. 1965. Competition between desert bighorn sheep and feral burros for forage in Death Valley National Monument. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions. 9:89-92.
  • Sumner, L. 1959. Effects of wild burros on bighorn in Death Valley National Monument. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions. 3:4-8.
  • Thompson, J. R., and V. C. Bleich. 1993. A comparison of mule deer survey techniques in the Sonoran Desert of California. California Fish and Game 79:70–75.
  • Thompson, R. W., and J. C. Turner. 1982. Temporal geographic variation in the lambing season of bighorn sheep. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 60:1781-1793.
  • Torres, S. G., V. C. Bleich, and J. D. Wehausen. 1994. Status of bighorn sheep in California, 1993. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 38:17-28.
  • Torres, S. G., V. C. Bleich, and J. D. Wehausen. 1996. Status of bighorn sheep in California - 1995. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 40:27-34.
  • Turner, J. C. 1973. Water, energy, and electrolyte balance in the desert bighorn sheep, Ovis canadensis. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Riverside 138pp.
  • Uhazy, L. S., J. C. Holmes, and J. G. Stelfox. 1973. Lungworms in the Rocky Mountain bighorn of western Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology 51:817-824.
  • U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2007. Recovery Plan for the Sierra Nevada Bighorn Sheep. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Sacramento, California.
  • Walters, J. E., and R. M. Hansen. 1978. Evidence of feral burro competition with desert bighorn sheep in Grand Canyon National Park. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 22:10-16.
  • Weaver, R. A. 1959. Effects of burro on desert water supplies. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 3:1-3.
  • Weaver, R. A. 1969. Bighorn research in California. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 13:68-70.
  • Weaver, R. A. 1972. Conclusion of the bighorn investigation in California. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 16:56-65.
  • Weaver, R. A. 1975. Status of bighorn sheep in California. Pages 58-64 in J. B. Trefethen, ed. The wild sheep in modern North America. The Winchester Press, New York.
  • Webb, P. M. 1972. Status of desert bighorn sheep in Arizona. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 16:105-111.
  • Wehausen, J. D. 1980. Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep: history and population ecology. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 240pp.
  • Wehausen, J. D. 1980. White Mountain bighorn sheep: an analysis of current knowledge and management alternatives. Inyo National Forest Administrative Report completed under contract No. 53-9JC9-0-32. 93pp.
  • Wehausen, J. D. 1983. White Mountain bighorn sheep: an analysis of current knowledge and management alternatives. Inyo National Forest Administrative Report, Bishop, CA. 93 pp.
  • Wehausen, J. D. 1984a. Comment on desert bighorn as relicts: further considerations. Wildlife Society Bulletin 12:82-85.
  • Wehausen, J. D. 1984b. Bighorn investigations in the Willow Creek area of the Inyo Mountains, California. Inyo National Forest Administrative Report, Bishop, CA. 20pp.
  • Wehausen, J. D. 1986. Bighorn sheep in the White Mountains: past and recent history. Pages 180-182 in C. A. Hall and D. J. Young, eds. Natural history of the White-Inyo Range, eastern California and western Nevada and high altitude physiology. University of California, White Mountain Research Station Symposium volume 1.
  • Wehausen, J. D. 1988a. The historical distribution of bighorn sheep in the Owens Valley region. Pages 97-105 in Mountains to Desert, Selected Inyo Readings. Friends of the Eastern California Museum, Independence, CA.
  • Wehausen, J. D. 1988b. Cattle impacts on mountain sheep in the Mojave Desert: report II. Unpublished report to the California Department of Fish and Game under Interagency Agreement No. 85/86C-1492.
  • Wehausen, J. D. 1991. Some potentially adaptive characters of mountain sheep populations in the Owens Valley region. Pages 256-267 in C. A. Hall, Jr., V. Doyle-Jones, and B. Widawski, eds. Natural history of eastern California and high-altitude research. White Mountain Research Station Symposium Vol. 3. Bishop, CA.
  • Wehausen, J.D. 1992a. The role of precipitation and temperature in the winter range diet quality of mountain sheep of the Mount Baxter herd, Sierra Nevada. Biennial Symposium of the Northern Wild Sheep and Goat Council 8:279-292.
  • Wehausen, J. D. 1992b. Demographic studies of mountain sheep in the Mojave Desert: report IV. Unpublished report, California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento. 54pp.
  • Wehausen, J. D. 1996. Effects of mountain lion predation on bighorn sheep in the Sierra Nevada and Granite Mountains of California. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24:471-479.
  • Wehausen, J. D. 1997. Mountain sheep at Old Dad Peak: an analysis of population dynamics. Unpubl. report to the California Department of Fish and Game.
  • Wehausen, J. D. 1999. Rapid extinction of mountain sheep populations revisited. Conservation Biology 13:378-384.
  • Wehausen, J. D. 2005. Nutrient predictability, birthing season, and lamb recruitment for desert bighorn sheep. Pages 37-50 in J. Goerrissen and J. M André, eds. Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Research Center 1978-2003: A quarter century of research and teaching. University of California Natural Reserve Program, Riverside., CA 2005.
  • Wehausen, J. D., and V. C. Bleich. 2007. The effect of survey intensity on bighorn sheep helicopter counts. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 49:23-29.
  • Wehausen, J. D. 2011. Genetic population structure and gene flow patterns in two bighorn sheep metapopulations in the Las Vegas region from microsatellite analyses. Final Report to the National Park Service under CESU Task Agreement #J8R07070011.
  • Wehausen, J. D., and R. R. Ramey II. 1993. A morphometric reevaluation of the peninsular bighorn subspecies. Desert Bighorn Council Transactions 37:1-10
  • Wehausen, J. D., and R. R. Ramey II. 2000. Cranial morphometric and evolutionary relationships in the northern range of Ovis canadensis. Journal of Mammalogy 81:145-161.
  • Wehausen, J. D., and R. R. Ramey II. 2004. Microsatellite diversity in Sierra Nevada mountain sheep herds. Unpublished report to the California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento.
  • Wehausen, J. D., V. C. Bleich, B. Blong, and T. L. Russi. 1987a. Recruitment dynamics in a southern California mountain sheep population. Journal of Wildlife Management 51:86-98.
  • Wehausen, J. D., V. C. Bleich, and R. R. Ramey II. 2005. Correct nomenclature for Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep. California Fish and Game 91:216-218.
  • Wehausen, J. D., V. C. Bleich, and R. A. Weaver. 1987b. Mountain sheep in California: a historical perspective on 108 years of full protection. Transactions of the Western Section of the Wildlife Society 23:65-74.
  • Wehausen, J. D., S. T. Kelley, and R. R. Ramey II. 2011. Domestic sheep, bighorn sheep, and respiratory disease: a review of the experimental evidence. California Fish and Game 97:7-24.
  • Wilson, L. 1975a. Discussion. Pages 103-104 in J. B. Trefethen, ed. The wild sheep in modern North America. The Winchester Press, New York, NY.
  • Wilson, L. 1975b. Report and recommendations of the desert and Mexican bighorn sheep workshop group. Pages 110-143 in J. B. Trefethen, ed. The wild sheep in modern North America. The Winchester Press, New York, NY.
  • Wolfe, L. L., B. Diamond, T. R. Spraker, M. A. Sirochman, D. P. Walsh, C. M. Machin, D. J. Bade, and M. W. Miller. 2010. A bighorn sheep die-off in southern Colorado involving a Pasteurellaceae strain that may have originated from syntopic cattle. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 46:1262-1268.
  • Woodard, T. N., R. J. Gutierrez, and W. H. Rutherford. 1974. Bighorn lamb production, survival, and mortality in south central Colorado. Journal of Wildlife Management 38:771-774.
  • Witham, J. H. 1983. Desert bighorn sheep in Southwest Arizona. Ph.D. dissertation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins.